What is the DOM?
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents that represents the structure of a webpage as a tree of objects.

Difference between HTML, CSSOM, and DOM

• HTML: The markup language defining the structure of a webpage.
• CSSOM: The CSS Object Model, representing the styles of a webpage.
• DOM: A structured representation of the document that allows JavaScript to manipulate elements.

DOM Tree Structure
The DOM represents an HTML document as a hierarchical tree with the following components:

• Nodes: The fundamental building blocks (Elements, Text, Attributes, etc.).
• Elements: HTML elements such as <div>,<p>, <button>, etc.
• Attributes: Properties like id, class,href that define elements.
• Text: The actual content inside an element.

Changing Text Content

• element.textContent - Sets or gets the text inside an element, ignoring HTML.
• element.innerText - Similar to textContent, but respects styling (e.g., hidden elements).
• element.innerHTML - Sets or gets HTML content inside an element.

Changing Attributes

• element.setAttribute("attr", "value") - Sets an attribute value.
• element.getAttribute("attr") - Retrieves an attribute value.
• element.removeAttribute("attr") - Removes an attribute.

Modifying Styles

• element.style.property = "value" - Changes a single inline style.
• element.classList.add("class") - Adds a class.
• element.classList.remove("class") - Removes a class.
• element.classList.toggle("class") - Toggles a class on and off.

Adding Event Listeners

• element.addEventListener("event", callback) - Attaches an event listener.
• element.onclick = function() { ... } - Sets an event listener (not recommended for multiple events).

Event Object

• event.target - The element that triggered the event.
• event.preventDefault() - Prevents default behavior (e.g., stopping form submission).
• event.stopPropagation() - Prevents event bubbling.

Event Delegation

• Uses event bubbling to handle events efficiently on parent elements instead of individual children.

Parent Elements

• element.parentNode - Gets the parent node.
• element.parentElement - Gets the parent element.

Children Elements

• element.childNodes - Returns all child nodes (including text and comments).
• element.children - Returns child elements only.
• element.firstChild / element.lastChild - Returns the first/last child node.

Siblings

• element.previousSibling / element.nextSibling - Gets the previous/next sibling node.

Accessing Form Elements

• document.forms["formName"] - Accesses a form.
• input.value - Retrieves or sets the value of an input.
• checkbox.checked - Checks if a checkbox is checked.

Handling User Input

• element.oninput - Fires when input changes.
• element.onchange - Fires when input loses focus after change.
• element.onsubmit - Fires when a form is submitted.

Form Validation

• element.setCustomValidity("message") - Sets a custom validation message.
• element.checkValidity() - Checks if input is valid.

Cloning Elements

• element.cloneNode (true/false) - Clones an element (true copies children).

Template Elements

• <template> is used to define reusable HTML snippets without rendering them.
• template.content. cloneNode(true) - Clones template content for insertion.

MutationObserver API

• Used to watch for DOM changes dynamically.

Minimizing Repaints & Reflows

• Reduce direct DOM manipulations and batch updates.

Using Document Fragments

• document.createDocumentFragment() - Reduces reflows by manipulating elements off-screen.

Debouncing & Throttling Event Handlers

• Helps optimize frequent event calls like scrolling and resizing.

Using requestAnimationFrame()

• Efficiently schedules UI updates for smooth animations.

Using setTimeout() and setInterval()

• Handles delayed execution and repeated UI updates.

Intersection Observer API

• Detects when elements appear in the viewport (useful for lazy loading images).

LocalStorage, SessionStorage, and Cookies

• localStorage.setItem("key", "value") - Stores data permanently.
• sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value") - Stores data for the session.
• document.cookie - Handles cookies.

Fetch API and Dynamic Content Insertion

• fetch(url).then(response => response.json()).then(data => console.log(data))
• Fetches and processes data dynamically.

Web Components and Shadow DOM

• Enables reusable custom elements with encapsulated styles and logic.